Young infants commonly require lumbar puncture as a part of the routine workup for fever without a source. A lumbar puncture can also be used to detect whether someone has 'Stage 1' or 'Stage 2' Trypanosoma brucei. The most common purpose is in suspected meningitis, since there is no other reliable tool with which meningitis, a life-threatening but highly treatable condition, can be excluded. Analysis of CSF may exclude infectious, inflammatory, and neoplastic diseases affecting the central nervous system. The chief diagnostic indications of lumbar puncture are for collection of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). The reason for a lumbar puncture may be to make a diagnosis or to treat a disease. Lumbar puncture was first introduced in 1891 by the German physician Heinrich Quincke. Using ultrasound to landmark may increase success. Fluid may be sent for biochemical, microbiological, and cytological analysis. A hypodermic needle is used to access the subarachnoid space and collect fluid. The procedure is typically performed under local anesthesia using a sterile technique. It is regarded as a safe procedure, but post-dural-puncture headache is a common side effect if a small atraumatic needle is not used.
Sometimes, lumbar puncture cannot be performed safely (for example due to a severe bleeding tendency).
Increased intracranial pressure (pressure in the skull) is a contraindication, due to risk of brain matter being compressed and pushed toward the spine. It may also be used therapeutically in some conditions. Examples of these conditions include meningitis and subarachnoid hemorrhage. The main reason for a lumbar puncture is to help diagnose diseases of the central nervous system, including the brain and spine. Lumbar puncture ( LP), also known as a spinal tap, is a medical procedure in which a needle is inserted into the spinal canal, most commonly to collect cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) for diagnostic testing.
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